Hospital-level variation in practices and outcomes for patients with severe acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a retrospective multicentre cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In the absence of evidence-based strategies to improve patient outcomes, the management of patients with severe idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) exacerbations may vary widely across centres. We assessed between-hospital variation in practices and mortality for patients with severe IPF exacerbations. METHODS: Using the Premier Healthcare Database from 1 October 2015 to 31 December 2020, we identified patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) or intermediate care unit with an IPF exacerbation. We assessed idiosyncratic, between-hospital variation in ICU practices (invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV), corticosteroid use, and immunosuppressive and/or antioxidant use) and hospital mortality by determining median risk-adjusted hospital rates and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) from hierarchical multivariable regression models. A priori, an ICC>15% was deemed 'high variation'. RESULTS: We identified 5256 critically ill patients with a severe IPF exacerbation at 385 US hospitals. Hospital median risk-adjusted rates of practices were: IMV (14% (IQR: 8.3%-26%)), NIMV (42% (31%-54%)), corticosteroid use (89% (84%-93%)), and immunosuppressive and/or antioxidant use (3.3% (1.9%-5.8%)). Model ICCs were: IMV (19% (95% CI: 18% to 21%)), NIMV (15% (13% to 16%)), corticosteroid use (9.8% (8.3% to 11%)), and immunosuppressive and/or antioxidant use (8.5% (7.1% to 9.9%)). The median risk-adjusted hospital mortality was 16% (IQR: 11%-24%) with an ICC of 7.5% (95% CI: 6.2% to 8.9%). INTERPRETATION: We observed high variation in the use of IMV and NIMV, and less variation in corticosteroid and immunosuppressant and/or antioxidant use among patients hospitalised with severe IPF exacerbations. Further research is needed to guide the decisions surrounding initiation of IMV and role of NIMV and to understand the effectiveness of corticosteroids among patients with severe IPF exacerbations.

Practice Changes Among Patients Without COVID-19 Receiving Mechanical Ventilation During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to rapid changes in care delivery for critically ill patients, due to factors including increased numbers of ICU patients, shifting staff roles, and changed care locations. As these changes may have impacted the care of patients without COVID-19, we assessed changes in common ICU practices for mechanically ventilated patients with non-COVID acute respiratory failure at the onset of and during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: Interrupted time series analysis, adjusted for seasonality and autocorrelation where present, evaluating trends in common ICU practices prior to the pandemic (March 2016 to February 2020), at the onset of the pandemic (April 2020) and intra-pandemic (April 2020 to December 2020). SETTING: Premier Healthcare Database, containing data from 25% of U.S. discharges from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2020. PATIENTS: Patients without COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure. INTERVENTIONS: We assessed monthly rates of chest radiograph (CXR), chest CT scans, lower extremity noninvasive vascular testing (LENI), bronchoscopy, arterial catheters, and central venous catheters. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We identified 742,096 mechanically ventilated patients without COVID-19 at 545 hospitals. At the onset of the pandemic, CXR (-0.5% [-0.9% to -0.2%; p = 0.001]), LENI (LENI: -2.1% [-3.3% to -0.9%; p = 0.001]), and bronchoscopy rates (-1.0% [-1.5% to -0.6%; p < 0.001]) decreased; use of chest CT increased (1.5% [0.5-2.5%; p = 0.006]). Use of arterial lines and central venous catheters did not change significantly. Intra-pandemic, LENI (0.5% [0.3-0.7%; p < 0.001]/mo) and bronchoscopy (0.1% [0.05-0.2%; p < 0.001]/mo) trends increased relative to pre-pandemic trends, while the remainder of practices did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS: We observed several statistically significant changes to practice patterns among patients without COVID-19 early during the pandemic. However, most of the changes were small or temporary, suggesting that routine practices in the care of mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU was not drastically affected by the pandemic.

Factors Associated With Long-term Outcomes of Umbilical Hernia Repair.

Importance: Umbilical hernia repair is one of the most commonly performed general surgical procedures. However, there is little consensus about the factors that lead to umbilical hernia recurrence. Objective: To better understand the factors associated with long-term umbilical hernia recurrence. Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective cohort of 332 military veteran patients who underwent umbilical hernia repair was studied between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2008, at the VA Boston Healthcare System. Recurrence and mortality outcomes were tracked from that period until June 1, 2014. Data were collected on patient characteristics, operative, and postoperative factors and univariate and multivariable analyses were used to assess which factors were significantly associated with umbilical hernia recurrence and mortality. All patients with primary umbilical hernia repair, with or without a concurrent unrelated procedure, were included in the study. Patients excluded were those who underwent umbilical hernia repair as a part of another major planned procedure with abdominal incisions. Data were collected from June 1, 2014, to November 1, 2015. Statistical analysis was performed from November 2, 2015, to April 1, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary study outcomes were umbilical hernia recurrence and death. Results: Of the 332 patients in this study, 321 (96.7%) were male, mean age was 58.4 years, and mean (SD) time of follow-up was 8.5 (4.1) years. The hernia recurrence rate was 6.0% (n = 20) at a mean 3.1 years after index repair (median, 1.0-year; range, 0.33-13 years). The primary suture repair recurrence rate was 9.8% (16 of 163 patients), and the mesh repair recurrence rate was 2.4% (4 of 169 patients). On univariate analysis, ascites (P = .02), liver disease (P = .02), diabetes (P = .04), and primary suture (nonmesh) repairs (P = .04) were significantly associated with increased recurrence rates. Patients who had a history of hernias (125 [39%]) were less likely to have umbilical hernia recurrences (χ21 = 4.65, P = .03). On multivariable regression analysis, obesity and ascites were associated with significantly increased odds ratios of recurrence of 3.3 (95% CI, 1.0-10.1) and 8.0 (95% CI, 1.8-34.4), respectively. Mesh repair was seen to decrease recurrence with odds of 0.28 (95% CI, 0.08-0.95). There was no significant difference in complication rates between mesh repair and primary suture repair. The survival rate was 73% (n = 242) at the end of the study. Factors associated with mortality were older age, smoking, liver disease, ascites, emergency or semiurgent repair, and need for intraoperative bowel resection. Conclusions and Relevance: Ascites, liver disease, diabetes, obesity, and primary suture repair without mesh are associated with increased umbilical hernia recurrence rates. Elective umbilical hernia repair with mesh should be considered in patients with multiple comorbidities given that the use of mesh offers protection from recurrence without major morbidity.